In November of 1934, Ethiopian territorial troops, escorting the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission, protested Italy's incursion. Acting on this, Italy built a fort at the Walwal oasis (Italian Ual-Ual) in the Ogaden desert in 1930, and garrisoned it with Somali dubats (irregular frontier troops commanded by Italian officers). Italian incursionThe Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 that delimited the border between Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia stated the border was 21 leagues parallel to the Benadir coast. It established important principles regarding crimes against peace and use of diplomacy to resolve conflict, however. The Pact, however, proved completely ineffectual since, as with the League, there was no agreed method to compel states to comply with its provisions. In addition to the invasion being condemned by the League of Nations, it was also a breach of the Kellog-Briand Pact which Italy had signed. It was considered to be militarily weak, yet rich in resources. Following the Scramble for Africa by the European imperialists it was one of the few remaining independent African nations, and it would serve to unify the Italian-held Eritrea to the northwest and Italian Somaliland to the east. Mussolini promised the Italian people "a place in the sun," matching the extensive colonial empires of the United Kingdom and France.Įthiopia was a prime candidate of this expansionist goal for several reasons.
Chief among these defeats was the Battle of Adowa which took place in Ethiopia on March 1, 1896. His new empire would also avenge past Italian defeats. Reminiscent of the Roman Empire, Mussolini's new empire was to rule over the Mediterranean and North Africa during the First Italo–Ethiopian War. Indeed, France and Great Britain more or less condoned the attack, hoping to retain Italy within their anti-Germany alliance.īackgroundItalian dictator Benito Mussolini had long held a desire for a new Italian Empire. Italy did as their European predecessors had, but in a different climate and when the League of Nations, as ineffectual as it proved to be, did have a more global membership. The Scramble for Africa had taken place when the colonial powers, acting together as they did in the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, where they carved Africa up among themselves, represented the only “international agency” in existence, so they could claim to be acting legally vis-à-vis international law. On the other hand, Italy was merely copying other European powers, which had carved out huge empires for themselves by tramping on the rights of the people whose territory they annexed. It can still claim to have escaped colonization since the period 1935-1941 was regarded an illegal occupation and lacked international sanction. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations the League was unable to control Italy or to protect Ethiopia.Contents1 Background2 Italian incursion3 Opposing forces3.1 Ethiopians3.2 Italians4 Italian invasion5 Atrocities6 Church statements7 Aftermath8 Notes9 References10 External links11 CreditsEthiopia had been the only African state to avoid colonization in the nineteenth century. The Abyssinia Crisis, along with the Mukden Incident (the Japanese annexation of three Chinese provinces), is often seen as a clear example of the ineffectiveness of the League.
Politically, the war is best remembered for exposing the inherent weakness of the League of Nations.
The war resulted in the annexation of Ethiopia, which had resisted Italian occupation in the nineteenth century, into Italian East Africa alongside Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. The war is infamous for the Italians' illegal use of mustard gas. The Second Italo–Ethiopian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War) was a brief war, begun in October 1935, between the Fascist Italian state and the Ethiopian Empire (also called Abyssinia).
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See Mod Table Instructions for guide to column entries, and for queries.1935 Ethiopia Italy war vintage photo fascist Addis Ababa Mussolini invasion Y For Saleġ935 Ethiopia Italy war vintage photo fascist Addis Ababa Mussolini invasion Y:Ī VINTAGE APPROXIMATELY 7 3/4 X 10 INCHES PHOTO FROM 1935 DEPICTING THEįCAPTURE OF MAKALE IN ETHIOPIAPHOTO WAS TAKEN BY RAY ROUSSEAU, ACME STAFF CAMERMAN WITH THE NORTHERN ITALIAN FORCES (HE WAS ALSOPlanet News staff photographer from Paris bureau)
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